![]() In the meantime, developed sonar technologies were produced for better detection of underwater objects be it submarines, torpedos and naval mines. ![]() Stealthy materials, coatings and claddings have been developed for vehicles, vessels, weapons and equipment hiding in underwater i.e., not being easily detected and identified correctly. The stealthy materials providing lower acoustical signature present an important opportunities for applications used in naval warfare systems. Composites, layered structures, metamaterials, porous materials are conventionally used for defence industry. Innovation and improvement of the materials systems from conventional materials to advanced ceramics and composites have continuously played a key role in so many applications including defense systems as well. In this regard, materials technologies of the respective era have taken essential part of the research, development and application of such technologies. For this reason, innovative technology was developed for producing weaponary systems and naval systems. Quite the contrary, the defensive side under attack would try to hide and effort not being detected to survive. Generally in naval warfare offensive sides initial aim is to detect and eredicate the defensive side. The study reveals that SiC foams ceramics are potential candidates in reducing acoustical signature as covering and/or casing material for future naval mine applications.Ĭonventional weaponry systems being used in the naval warfare are in a very complex interrelation with each other resulting in complex networks of systems. Highly tortuose and porous structure of open celled SiC foam ceramic leads a considerable decrease in scattering, reflection and transmission properties. This study investigates underwater acoustic performance of open celled SiC foam ceramics the range of 80–100 kHz in the acoustic test pool environment for the very first time. The experimental results obtained from the study shows that the SiC foam ceramic plate leads a 19,2% reduction in reflection, 90,5% and 96% lower values are obtained in transmission and 78,4% and 68,6% lower values are obtained at 60° and 30° in scattering compared to the reference steel plate. Sonar frequencies widely used in mine countermeasure operations for detection purposes, 80 kHz, 85 kHz, 90khZ, 95 kHz and 100 kHz were applied to the acoustic tests. The aim of this study is to examine the acoustical signature and the efficiency of open celled SiC foam ceramics as covering and/or casing material for naval mines. The materials with high porosity are known to provide lower acoustical signature than conventional metallic plates in common. The wide variation in types and characteristics of materials may affect the underwater detection capabilities despite recently developed sonar systems. The conduct of underwater warfare mostly depends upon the advancement of detection and identification sensors and materials. This paper summarizes some of the early pioneers in this field including Lynman Spitzer, Leslie Foldy, Henry Primakoff, and Edwin Carstensen, who were followed by Ira Groves, Robert Bobber, Joseph Blue, and others.One of the major tasks of the underwater warfare is to detect underwater objects such as vehicles, vessels, weapons and equipment. The National Bureau of Standards and later the National Institute for Standards (NIST) deferred the activity of establishing and maintaining underwater acoustic standards and calibration methods to the USRD Navy facility now headquartered at NUWC, Newport. That facility later became a detachment of the Naval Research Laboratory (USRD) and was the home for a concerted effort in transducer development and calibration for many years. Vannevar Bush, established a center for Underwater Acoustic Metrology under the expertise of Columbia University in collaboration with Bell Laboratories, which subsequently resulted in the establishment of the Underwater Sound Research Laboratory (USRL) in Orlando Florida with unique acoustic lake testing facilities. In about 1940, the US Navy Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) headed by Dr. The practice of realizing underwater acoustic standards and methods for the systematic calibration of the wide variety of electroacoustic transducers is rich in tradition and has given rise to some unique underwater acoustic calibration facilities and electroacoustic transducers.
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